ar400 steel data sheet. General Information. ar400 steel data sheet

 
 General Informationar400 steel data sheet  Back; Grade 55; Grade 50; Advanced High Strength Steel (AHSS) Back; XPF1000;

Page 3 Material Data Sheet 1. Shape: Thickness: Width: Length: Resulting Weight: Calculated theoretical weights are for. What is the difference between AR200 and AR400? AR200. Intended for moderate wear applications, common uses include contact. 26% Si 0. Heat Treated • TG&P Heat Treated 4140 H. Identification::: Supplier's details :Axalta Coating Systems, LLC 50 Applied Bank Blvd. The tensile strength of Q195 steel is ≥390 MPa, yield strength is ≥195 MPa, and the. 25 - 0. 4430 Thermanit GE W 316L-17 1. ASTM A131 A&B / ABS A&B; ASTM A131 / ABS AH36 / ABS DH36 / ABS EH36; API 2H Grade 50;. Phone: 800. I think it is a fairly simple steel (chemically) so should be easy to heat treat again if it's too soft after plasma. Steel Warehouse can supply the following sizes of AR500 Steel: . MV is around 2700fps. Description. For applications requiring notch toughness, Kloeckner Metals. 0. This steel has a nominal hardness of 400 HB. That’s why three types of abrasion-resistant steel have become popular choices: AR400 VS. Results from the CBS Content Network. It is intended for moderate wear applications. 5% interest in ZPSS with a capacity of 0. AR360 / AR400 Q&T Steel Plate 1/8 inches through 4 inches thick in 60 inch and 96 inch widths, with a minimum Brinell of 360. The AR steel grades include: AR200, AR235, AR Medium, AR400/400F, AR450/450F, AR500/500F, and AR600. Limited cold forming and bending can also be done. It is a high carbon steel with good hardness and moderate machinability. Specifically designed for abrasion and wear resistance, AR400 steel is a high-carbon alloy steel with a lower hardness of 360 – 444 BHN. The tensile strength of A514 alloy steel is specified as at least 100 ksi (689 MPa) up to a 2. Therefore, AR400 will have a lower hardness than AR500 / AR500F. US $ 805-1183 / Ton. With a hardness range between 477 – 550 BHN, AR500 is known for its toughness and excellent wear resistance, along with exceptional fatigue and corrosion resistance. D. Properties of A1008 Steel Sheet. While AR400+ grades are the most commonly used types of abrasion resistant steel, AR Medium steel is also used for applications requiring a harder, tougher material. S. AR400 is “thru-hardened”, abrasion resistant, alloy wear plate. When reading these types of steel grades, such as AR400 and AR500, it is important to note that the number following the letters AR represents the. 16Mn5. 0 in. Properties. 4. AR400 has a Brinell hardness range of 360-440 BHN. Re: How to identify AR-400 mixed with mild plate? There are portable hardness testers such as a Shore Scleroscope and there are portable analyzers such as a Niton gun. E. The hardness of AR500 also means the material is more rigid. Call or Email Us For a Free Quote. I run an AR500 plate from a well known target manufacturer here on. Sheared Size. Abrasion resistant material is used in wear applications requiring resistance to increased impact and sliding. AR400: 360-440 AR450: 430-480 AR500: 460-544 AR600:LocationCentral Texas. 75 - 1. It has a lower hardness of 360 – 444 BHN. Re: AR500 vs AR400 Steel?? AR400 = Holes at less than 300 yards. Heat treated by quenching and tempering to improve yield strength. The search phrase you entered, ansi ar400 steel, is common to 7148 materials, by searching on the term(s) [ "ansi" OR "ar400" OR "steel"] in most common text fields, . AR400 has excellent weldability can be welded with simple procedures and common consumables. AR450 VS. How Much is AR500 Steel. 7. US $ 910-1000 / Ton. You get what you need, when you need it, with Chatham’s carbon steel plate and sheet. Owen joins me again this episode to try to poke some holes in a 5/16" plate of AR400 steel. 315” thickness offered in 48”- 65” wide, cut to your requested length. 39 µin/in°F. 26 0. Steel Warehouse supplies AR400 steel plate, sheet, and coil, specifically designed for abrasion and wear-resistant applications. AR stands for Abrasion Resistant and will come in designations like AR400 or AR500 and usually offered as-rolled versus normalized (AR 200, 235 and 600 are also available). The sides will cost an additional ~$50, so the entire project will cost $200 plus supplies. 4140 steel is a low alloy steel plate. Like quenching and tempering, precipitation-hardening also involves two periods of re-heating and cooling steel plate. VRN 400 is a high hardness conventional low alloy martensitic steel grade for use in applications requiring high resistance to wear, impact and abrasion. Grades 80 and 100 are the highest volumes. Re: ar400 steel FYI - had a AR500 plate 3/8" thick that we were shooting 223Rem, 6. We are the Leading Supplier of AR400 (NM400) , AR450 (NM450) and AR500 (NM500) Plates. As a result, customers can expect longer-lasting wear. Safety Data Sheets (SDS) Education. Learn more. Drilled thru with a Hertel HSS bit, (no cobalt) and I used a Hertel spiral point tap, TiN coated. Whether you're seeking plates or sheets, or even both, Alibaba. Kloeckner offers A5656 in four different grades, including 50, 60, 70, and 80, and in three chemical requirements, type 3, type 7, and type 8. I have quite a bit of 3" angle that is 3/8" thick that I will use for the majority of the frame. MSO currently has no data available for this grade. Machining AR400 steel plate. The Kloeckner Advantage; Leadership; Our Footprint. AR400 is made for improved formability with low levels of carbon and sulfur for inclusion shape control. Yield Strength: See table. cdr Author: CAROL CAMBURN Created Date: 8/21/2015 9:10:58 AM Abrasion Resistant Steel Plate. Branches featuring AR500 | AR500F Steel Plate products. I did use flood coolant ( was chicken not to). Economy at a Glance; Regions, States & Areas at a Glance; Industry at a Glance; Text Files; News Release Tables; More. 400 HB steel plates produced by us display a longer life due to the quality of raw material use. ASTM A514 is the standard specification for high yield, quenched and. AR400 abrasive resistance steel plate is intended for higher, impact, wear applications where cold-bending and very good weldability is important. Hardox® 450 is an abrasion-resistant steel with a nominal hardness of 450 HBW. Map Data Map data ©2023 Google, INEGI. 30% off Fusion 360 + $400 SendCutSend Gift Card Safety Data Sheets; Metal Calculator; The Kloeckner Advantage. jpg. While each grade is a pressure vessel quality high carbon low alloy steel plate, tensile strength varies among them. Our inventory includes steel, stainless, aluminum, red metals, alloys and tool steel. "Grade 50 is a Columbium-Vanadium steel that offers a minimum yield of 50,000 PSI. The maximum Hardox ® 450 has a solid reputation as a highly versatile, abrasion-resistant steel that also has structural properties. The plasma cutter I am using can cut up to 3/8". au NM400 is a wear resistant steel with good comprehensive properties like high strength, high hardness, good wear resistance and. 118", and as sheet in thicknesses of 0. Heat Treated • TG&P Heat Treated 4140 H. Mild Steel Plate Black AR400 is a flat shaped plate of AR400 Black Mild Steel. Germany-XAR. A36;Metric Drill Rod 0-1 • A-2 Plate ALLOY STEELS 4140 H. 49 TMR Customs specializes in the design and manufacture of off road builder parts for jeeps, trucks, buggies, 4x4’s, sxs’s and more!When it comes to cost, Hardox is more expensive than AR400. Abrasion resistant (AR) steel plate is used in applications requiring abrasion and impact resistance. AR200 can be machined, punched, drilled, and formed and is known to be an inexpensive abrasion-resistant material. Alpharetta (Atlanta Plate Processing) 2005 Grassland Pkwy. AR-400F is a through-hardened abrasion resistant plate designed to satisfy the demand for a grade of steel that can give prolonged service life where abrasion is the primary cause of failure. ar- plate는 강재 고유의 내마모성을 나타내는 브리넬 경도(hb) 수치에 따라 ar400, ar450, ar500 등급으로 구분합니다. AR450 and AR600 steel plates are also available, but they’re a. Nucor is a leading North American producer of merchant bar & rebar, engineered bar, structural steel, carbon steel plate, and sheet steel products and technologies thanks to an ongoing commitment to innovation. C. Reply. AR400F is a through-hardened, abrasion-resistant plate with a nominal hardness of 400 HBW. The bushings will be welded about %50 around, bevelled to 5/16 and a. Additionally, mild steel is more ductile than AR400 steel, making it easier to work. 57’’) ≥ 10°C (50°F) No preheating Preaheating 150°C (302°F) < 10°C (50°F) All thicknesses: preheating 150°C (302°F) Water jet cutting also can be used. On a flat section of 4' x 8' sheet I'll burn six roughly 1" dia. Standard. A516-70 - steel with a minimum tensile strength. Products in Middletown include mill rolled plate, strip mill plate, HRPO sheet, hot rolled sheet, and floor plate. 201 ontintenta tee ub o 77. Primarily used for abrasion resistance to coal, gravel and other substrates. AR400 | AR400F. However, the addition of high amounts of carbon also reduces the formability and strength of AR500 as compared to other steel plate grades. Primarily used in military applications, but also in areas where high strength is required as both grades have elevated yield strengths (HY 80 – 80ksi, HY 100 – 100ksi). 2. Ultra. AR235 is not intended for structural applications. thickness ASTM A36 Steel, plate ASTM A514 Steel, grade B, plate thickness 19-32 mm (0. Safety Data Sheets; Metal Calculator; The Kloeckner Advantage. 30% but the addition of 0. 15 0. VRN 400 is a high hardness conventional low alloy martensitic steel grade for use in applications requiring high resistance to wear, impact and abrasion. holes at 16" & 32" going across the 4' way & then 24", 48" & 72" across the 8' way plus welding the perimeter. Export data to your CAD/FEA program. 1 Ton (MOQ) After-sales Service : Provided; Warranty. Additional Information. In fact, it's something they advertise, and. Use ⌘ + scroll to zoom the map. Every application is different so you just use your best judgement. $11. AR400 | AR400F Steel Plate. Upload your files to get started. 25 in) NCLIFT902 / 231103 A514 AR400 abrasion resistant steel plate is a good candidate for some processing techniques. Leeco Steel stocks the following standard sizes, but other sizes may be available for special orders. Clifton Steel Tensalloy™ AR400 Abrasion-Resistant Steel Wear Plate, 0. 98”. 86L20 ALUMINUM Round • Rectangle • Square • Hex Tubing • Pipe • Angle • Channel Sheet • Plate • Tread Plate (Diamond Pattern) Expanded Aluminum • Grating ProductsI went to my supplier and I can get a 10 foot x 8 inch wide piece of 3/8" AR400 for $150. Typical applications for AR200 steel plate include cement mixer drums and fins. Among strengthening ceramics, WC, TiC, and TiB 2 are some of the most popular materials because of their large Young’s modulus, good thermal stability, low density, and. Min Order: 1 ton. Title: AR 400 Steel. It is a high carbon steel with good hardness and moderate machinability. Additional benefits AR400 steel offers that include: strength as mild steel; Low cost; Reduces maintenance costs; Wear-resistant for temperatures. Intended for moderate wear applications, common uses include contact. This is a high-carbon alloy steel that is perfect for rugged applications that require high wear resistance. Shop for High Strength Plate, Impact Resistance, Abrasive Resistance, PVQ, Armor steel plate online. Any hydrogen in the weld metal may diffuse into. Introduction. A extensive variety of nm500 wear plate options can be. 22 ft-lbs / -40 °F. This material is an Abrasion Resistant, Thru-Hardened, Alloy product. 2mtpa(STS) India. NISCO WEAR PLATE NM400 Steel GROUP OF COMPANIES GROUP OF COMPANIES | 9 Ilda Road, Canning Vale WA 6155 Ph: (08) 9256 3311 Fx: (08) 9256 3322 | E: sales@intergroup. Contact. Typical hardness range is 400/440BHN. AR200 is available as mill plate, temper leveled plate or as coils. There’s really no single specific chemical composition for AR400 steel, as long as it meets the required hardness level. AR400, also known at Ford Steel as Wearalloy 400, is a high-carbon steel with a nominal hardness of 400 and a minimum hardness on the Brinell scale of 360 to 440. It sports a high level of resistance to fatigue, has high ductility, and has good spring qualities useful for applications where flexibility is desired. 1. Clifton Steel Tensalloy™ AR400 Abrasion-Resistant Steel Wear Plate, 0. Products We Carry. Certified to ISO 9001:2015, Steel Warehouse delivers high-quality, in-house. 5 - 3. Abrasion resistant steel plate material, BHN 400. We use A572 steel for most structural components and A514 steel for additional strength or weight reduction. 5 inch (63. continentalsteel. AR500 Grade Steel. Universal Steel provides abrasion resistant steel plate for use in mining, excavating, and heavy machinery manufacturing. Grade 70 has the highest tensile strength of them all, between 485 – 625 MPa. A36. Bhn 400 Abrasion Resistant Wear Ar Steel Plates. au NM400 is a wear resistant steel with good comprehensive properties like high strength, high hardness, good wear resistance and weld ability etc . AR 400 Specs. 4140 steel properties. If it seems to jerk around too much, set your max high speed to a slower value like maybe 100 ipm as this affects how fast the machine loops around when the tool is out of the cut. AR400 Steel Plate AR400 Steel Plate – Hardness 360-444 Brinell. AR은 Abrasion Resistant plate의 약자로서 각 제조사마다 고유 브랜드명으로 판매 되고 있으며 일반적으로 알고 있는 HARDOX(하독스)는 스웨덴 SSAB사의. Truck bed and bucket liners are major applications, as well as chutes and gates. We also stock and process a variety of carbon steel. 375 Inches. NISCO WEAR PLATE NM400 Steel GROUP OF COMPANIES GROUP OF COMPANIES | 9 Ilda Road, Canning Vale WA 6155 Ph: (08) 9256 3311 Fx: (08) 9256 3322 | E: sales@intergroup. Aug 7, 2011 15,238 33,238 PNW WA. AR400 steel plates are suitable for applications that requires a good level of abrasion resistance (i. The most common applications for AR500 steel, or other variations of the impact resistant steel, range from Heavy Equipment and Mining, Plates for Shooting Ranges, Targets, to a variety Armor plates. Outstanding wear and impact-resistant properties. AR400 has excellent weldability can be welded with simple procedures and common consumables such as E7018 inclusion shape control. AR235 is available as mill plate, temper leveled plate or as coils. thickness Categories: Metal; Ferrous Metal; Carbon Steel; Low Carbon Steel. This grade has one of the highest levels of hardness out of the common AR steel plate grades – with a Brinell Hardness Number (BHN) of between 460-544 – and is typically used in high-wear and impact applications. g. Specific Heat. And to make sure we live up to that promise, we have strategically-placed sales offices and distribution centers throughout North America. 15. 5 inch (63. AR500 will take hits at close range from . AR500 and AR600 will last longer and need to be replaced less often for projects that actually beat up the material. 292. Difference Between AR400 and AR500. 3 mm [0. We carry thousands of tons of Wearalloy AR400 steel ready to be. With quick access to Hardox ® wear plate on your local market, you can free up warehouse space and minimize capital tied up in inventory. NITRONIC® 30 is an excellent grade to replace AR400 as an abrasion steel, abrasion corrosion resistant, abrasion stainless. Compared to hot rolled steel, A1008 is known for having excellent weldability and formability. 99 Sale price $40. Branches featuring A514 Steel Plate products. 30-06 and 7. - Bundles strapped with plastic strips. AR235 is not intended for structural applications. This product will last up to four times longer than ordinary high strength structural plate. Leeco Steel stocks the following standard sizes, but other sizes may be available for special orders. ; Alro distributes and processes metals from over 75 locations in 15 states. AR400, or AR400F steel, is a high-carbon. 0. 3/4″ to 4″ Widths. As a general rule, AR450 and AR400 are the “sweet spots” in terms of good formability combined with good hardness. Service Temperature is 400°F. Typical tensile strength is 180,000 PSI. 30% off Fusion 360 + $400 SendCutSend Gift Card. Full Member. 22, Si ≤ 0. 9% chromium gives it a lot more hardness and abrasion properties than low carbon steel has. No Data *5AR400(1) Included No Data *AR400*(9) *AR4000*(1) Manufacturer : AR400 Datasheet, PDF : Search Partnumber : Start with "AR40"-Total : 10 ( 1/1 Page). 3. 3% Silicon. Need some advise on how to straighten this "tang" out. 315” thickness offered in 48”-81” wide cut to your requested length. 32 Pounds. Q345 steel is a Chinese standard low alloy high strength structural steel. 954. Anyone know whether AR400 (abrasion resistent, BH 400) can be drilled easily with HSS or cobalt drills? Got some 1/2" AR400 plate coming for LR rifle targets, and need to drill a couple of 1/2" holes for mounting the finished targets on stands. AR400 is “thru-hardened”, abrasion resistant, alloy wear plate. I got my hands on a piece of AR400 steel. If I heat it will I then have to quench it again? "Alloy & Abrasion Resistant Steel Plate. Ar400 steel plate in us sells the plates at $5. AR Medium steel plate grades – which include AR200 and AR235 – have a surface hardness of 180-260 BHN. AR500 is the most durable of the target steel. 400 – 500) within the names of the different steels refer to the Brinell Hardness Number (BHN) – the material’s level of hardness. Truck bed and bucket liners are major applications, as well as chutes and gates. 00” thickness offered in standard sizes (96” x 240”/288”) Steel Warehouse supplies AR450 Steel Plate, which is an abrasion-resistant steel with a unique surface hardness. 4140 steel properties include a tensile strength of 95000 psi and a Brinell hardness of 197. At my local steel yard I can buy AR 400 (Abrasion Resistant) in 3/8 thickness for $1. Plate/Sheet grades including ASTM: A36/SA36, A572 gr 50, ABS/A blasted & coated, A786, AR400, A1011 & A1018 CS-B. 04% Sulfur. Calculations with the Hardox ®. 33) Valast ® 450 is. You can judge a good anvil by the amount of rebound of a large steel bearing ball. It has more hardness than the. Ar400 Steel Price stars with Rs. The carbon equivalent on the data sheets for each grade is calculated using the Dearden-O’Neill formula: C. Note that excessive preheat may anneal the base material. Quenching occurs by bringing the steel to a high temperate, between 1,500 and 1,650F, then is. 1020’s modulus of elasticity is 205 GPa and the shear modulus is 80GPa. 283. A572 plate is a high-strength, low-alloy structural steel that includes five grades—42, 50, 55, 60, 65 and 80—according to their minimum specified yield strength. Overview. Hardox 400. As hard and tough as our wear plate, Hardox ® pipes and tubes offer outstanding performance when you need both high abrasion resistance and a lighter product. Abrasion Resistant Ar 400 Steel Plates. Excellent resistance to both impact and sliding abrasion at a moderate cost. as for the drilled holes they are 5/16 and used just to hols the plate downAR360 / AR400. AR400 (International) Chemical composition Fe Rest Chemical composition is not declared Properties Typical characteristics Yield Strength: 965 MPa Hardness HB: 400 Additional information Wear resistant steel WinSteel Prof - Subscription ver. A premium abrasion resistant steel plate with a nominal Brinell hardness of 400. It all depends on how much you value absolute certainty. a - Minimum specified value of the American Society of Testing Materials. There are several grades of abrasion resistant steel, including AR200, AR235, AR400, AR450, AR500 and AR600. Abrasion-resistant steel can last up to 4 times longer than mild steel. 1) Impact testing according to EN ISO 148-1 is performed on thickness ≥6mm. This grade steel is a high-strength, low alloy steel plate. D. M-Steel. Meanwhile AR500 / AR500F is not formable, but shows good machinability. Disadvantages of AR400 steel. Reactions: QuickNDirty. 375”-2. It has nationwide coverage. More detailed information on dimensions is provided in. 17% to 0. I have a store bought root rake for my skid steer with AR400 tines. Abrex 400 material have a typical hardness of 400 BHN. 30 J / -40 °C. It has better properties than Q235. Hardox® 400 is available as plate in thicknesses of 0. It's on an already built unit so I can't substitute another steel. . 00. 89” and lengths up to 575. 40, P ≤ 0. AR400F. Laser Cut AR400 is workable and malleable while maintaining many of the abrasion and impact resistant characteristics that make AR steel so valuable. AR235 steel plate is a carbon-manganese steel product with a nominal hardness of 235 Brinell (HBW). Learn important details about carbon-steel A1008 and other metals using the OnlineMetals. total price was $1289. Hardox ® 400 is a trusted steel in the Hardox ® wear plate family, with a heritage of hardness and toughness going all the way back to 1974, when Hardox ® was launched as the world’s first bendable wear steel. Users of our Advanced Search (registration required) may exclude discontinued materials from. General Info About AR600 AR600 is the most durable abrasion resistant steel plate. 6-5. General Info About A588 Steel. 250DOC xy step over min . Complete Ameralloy Catalog. It is 43. Unlike most other grades that are designated by their chemical composition, the “36” corresponds to its mechanical properties. 11. 4430 Thermanit 19/15 1. 75 thru tapped holes. 25”-0. A656 is the standard specification for hot-rolled structural steel, high-strength low alloy plate with improved formability. Technical Information Sheet Name: AR400 Rich Black Matte Number: PFB706S4 Type: TGIC-Polyester September 22, 201 ALESTA AR400* Alesta Group Code: SD40004000016 Prepared 6/5/2013 Recommended for use in architectural applications such as window frames, cladding, shopfronts and other products where enhanced levels of exterior. Custom sizes available. The tensile strength of A514 alloy steel is specified as at least 100 ksi (689 MPa) up to a 2. 4455 SAW Wire Powder Wire. It has high machinability, good weldability and high ductility. AR500 = AR500 is a premium abrasion resistant. AR4500 Steel Plate Sizes. Nucor is a technological leader in the steel sheet market. AR500. 78 - 50. Victory Steel Supply, Inc. Cutting Capacity: 24 to 102 inch. 75t (where t is the plate thickness) with the bend axis transverse to the rolling direction. New Ar400 Steel Plate products manufacturing in China, with stylish and cool design emerge. When using a torch, move rapidly and evenly to provide a general increase in temperature. 30 J / -40 °C. Mar 13, 2023 / Welding 1/4in AR400 to Mild steel #5. AR400 is produced for through-thickness hardness (not just surface hardness) while maintaining. Wearalloy 450, or AR450, lasts four times longer than other carbon-alloy steel plates. Brinell Hardness range of 470-540 BHN. cdr Author: CAROL CAMBURN Created Date: 8/21/2015 9:10:58 AMAR400 / AR450 / AR500 Overview These grades are used in highly abrasive environments within the mining, cement, aggregate, and various ground engaging applications. Export data to your CAD/FEA program. MATERIAL DATASHEET Title: Abrasion Resistant 400 – 450 - 500 Material Grade: AR400 / AR450 /AR500 Material Condition(s): Roller Quenched / Roller Quenched and tempered. A572-50 - higher strength steel with a minimum yield of 50,000 PSI and increased corrosion resistance. At Spirit Metals, we work with the mills on all custom sizes to meet your project needs. We have seen foreign-made steel wear plate sold as AR400; test at 302 BHN hardness! Did the customer get what they paid for? No way. 25”-0. AR400 Steel. The ABREX Series features 3 standard options of abrasion resistant steel plate in addition to 2 extra tough options – a product range capable of meeting a variety of needs. Standard stock in abrasion resistant steel includes AR400 and AR500 . Any Quantity, Any Size, Delivered Anywhere!General Info About A656. What are you recommendations for welding AR400 plate? AR400 is a quench and tempered steel and may be difficult to weld due its high strength and hardenability. Overview: Popular abrasion resistant steel grade that combines through-hardness with good levels of ductility. Hole size in sheet (+0. Sheet Steel AWS D1. Wear Resistance = Great. Show specs in Imperial Metric. It is often welded with the same procedures and filler metals as mild steel. Average value: 1480 MPa Grade Count:14. thickness, Outstanding wear and impact-resistant properties. Primarily used for abrasion resistance to coal, gravel and other substrates. General Info About AR450 / AR450F. 1. 57’’) > 40 mm (1. SPECIFICATIONS: ASTM 514, AR400F FINISH: Blue / Gray, slightly scalely, grainy CHARACTERISTICS: Welding = Excellent Machining / Grinding = Fair Bending /. 2290 855. MSO currently has no data available for this grade. 5% Ni 1% B 0. As with other abrasion. For more information on applications see. Hardox® 450 combines good bendability and weldability. ) 0. Material Notes:. 277L. Chat now. , Ltd provides quality steel in a variety of grades and thicknesses at a competitive price. ≤ 0. At 24 inches by 24 inches the weight goes up to 61. Terms RECENT NEWS POSTS. Products having a thickness of over 4. 57’’) > 40 mm (1. Quote. 5 - 3.